A Bumper News Month for Next Generation Covid Vaccines (Update 11)

There is a lot to get to this month! This month saw the release of at least some clinical trial data on 3 next generation vaccines – with encouraging early phase 2 trial results for immunocompromised people on blood cancer treatment. Another nasal spray vaccine has entered clinical trial in the US. The first large study I’ve seen testing whether a nasal spray vaccine can prevent infection is underway in China. And hundreds of millions have been allocated for the development of 2 next generation vaccines by government programs in Japan and the US.

Those highlights and more below, broken down into news from Japan and the US Project NextGen (and Project-adjacent news), and 3 categories of next-generation Covid vaccines (definitions below).

Before that, though, some great first-generation Covid vaccine news. Medigen, the manufacturers of a Covid vaccine from Taiwan, has become the first company to sign a licensing agreement with the WHO for sharing their patent, know-how, and staff training globally. Their vaccine has been in use in 7 countries. And the Spanish Research Council has done the same, with a vaccine prototype.

• News from government funding programs in Japan and the US (Project NextGen)
• Mucosal vaccine news
• Covid-19 “variant-proof” vaccine news
• Pancoronavirus vaccine news
• Addendum 1: Table of mucosal vaccines in clinical trials
• Addendum 2: Table of pancoronavirus vaccines with results
• Addendum 3: Definitions of vaccine types

News from government funding programs in Japan and the US (Project NextGen)

First up, mucosal Covid vaccine prospects got a major boost from a government pandemic strategy program in Japan, SCARDA. An award from them was announced by Shionogi, a pharmaceutical company. Shionogi developed a Covid vaccine, though it’s not a mucosal one. (The records I have on it are here.) They will be working with public partners from basic research on, “to create nasal vaccines that are effective in preventing infection and to promptly provide them to society.” Shionogi has licensed nasal vaccine technology (cationic nanogel) from HanaVax.

Project NextGen is the major funding and support effort being run by 2 government agencies, BARDA and the NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). I wrote a brief recap of this last month, when US$1 billion was awarded to 4 groups to be ready to run phase 2b trials for vaccines – which vaccines were still unknown. There is support in this program to develop methods needed for trials, as well as phase 2b trials – but after that, it’s up to manufacturers to do the heavy lifting to get through phase 3 and drug agency approval.

With the end of the US government’s financial year ending this month, the rumor mill about which companies could be getting grants in this Project NextGen round has been going full tilt – especially once the first company announced an award. A slide about which companies BARDA is focusing on has appeared, but I’m not linking to it, as it doesn’t seem to have been intended for the public arena. I used it, though, to make sure my collection is as comprehensive as possible for the vaccines that have reached clinical trial.

The first trial grant I’ve seen is to Gritstone Bio. This is a self-amplifying mRNA vaccine – I wrote about a partial report of a phase 1 trial in older people of this vaccine here. It was only for a subset of 17 people of the 40 in the trial, so there’s not much to go on. What they released was a mixed bag, but it’s very early days.

Gritstone Bio has been awarded a grant which could go as high as US$433 million, to run a 10,000-participant phase 2b trial comparing their vaccine with a US-approved Covid vaccine. It will be run in the US by the COVID-19 Prevention Network (CoVPN). (You can dig into the 8 records I’ve gathered for this vaccine here.)

Another chunk of Project NextGen funds is administered through the Blue Knight Challenge, run by J&J. From there, US$1 million was awarded to a company to work on a formulation of the Mount Sinai/Castlevax mucosal vaccine. The goal is to develop a version of their intranasal vaccine that won’t need refrigeration. I discussed it in some detail in my last update, because I thought it stood out as a possibility for NextGen funding.

Mount Sinai announced that they have also received an NIAID grant – not specifically Project NextGen – to run a project called PLUTO (“Programming Long-lasting Immunity to Coronaviruses”). That has 2 components. The first is developing correlates for longterm broad coronavirus protection – identifying measures that can be proxies in trials for vaccine efficacy. The second will be to test variant-proof/pancoronavirus vaccines.

If news of more BARDA grants trickle out this week, I’ll update this post.

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Mucosal vaccine news

There’s a lot happening with mucosal Covid vaccines – vaccines that aim to develop a first-line of defence against infection in the mucosal tissues, nasally or orally. So I focus on clinical trial developments here. (I also added 11 new preclinical study reports to my collection.)

Clinical trial results:

The vaccine is an intranasal protein subunit vaccine. The developers, ACM Biolabs, issued a press release announcing positive results from a phase 1 trial in Australia, but without including any data. Although the trial tested both intranasal and injected versions as a single booster dose in previously vaccinated people, the press release only mentions finding encouraging signs of broad immune response from the injected version. And the company doesn’t say whether or not they are planning another trial.

This trial was a small, dose-finding and safety one – there were 36 participants. The trial register entry reported that half the group were to receive the intranasal version. ACM Biolabs is a company based in Singapore and Switzerland. (ACM stands for artificial cell membrane, the basis for their vaccine technology.)

New clinical trials:

A new vaccine has gone into first-in-human trial. It was developed by the NIAID at the NIH. The vaccine is based on a viral vector – live-attenuated bovine/human parainfluenza. Called B/HPIV3/S-6P, it’s delivered via nasal spray. The phase 1 trial for 30 people is being run at the John Hopkins in Baltimore. The developers have released 3 preclinical reports on this vaccine in both non-primates and primates, including some in pediatric tests. (You can see the records I’ve collection for this vaccine here.)

Another 2 clinical trials were registered for Razi Cov Pars from Iran, the first mucosal Covid vaccine that was rolled out into use. It’s a protein subunit vaccine, with a 3-dose course – 2 injections, then an intranasal dose. The new trials include the first one for young children (from aged 5), and a booster trial. (Records for this vaccine here.)

Study on prevention of infection:

The first large study of prevention of infection for a mucosal Covid vaccine that I’ve seen is underway in China. It’s an exploratory trial, without a comparison group, for 4,000 people who are at particular risk of infection (including hospital staff in close contact with patients with Covid). The participants must have been previously vaccinated, and they will get 2 doses of a nasal spray, 28 days apart. The register entry mentions monitoring negative Covid tests.

This vaccine is being developed by GIBH/Guangzhou nBiomed. It’s a viral vector vaccine nasal spray, based on adenovirus 5. There have been preclinical reports for the vaccine, but as far as I know, this is the first clinical study. The version being tested is Ad5-S-Omicron, a version adapted for Omicron. It took 24 days to develop the Omicron-adapted version. (Records in my collection for this vaccine here.)

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Covid-19 “variant-proof” vaccine news

This category doesn’t come with a table tracking vaccines. That’s because while I’m quite confident I’ve tagged all the vaccines in my collection that fall into the other 2 categories of next generation vaccines, I’m not sure how many can be classified as aiming to be “variant-proof”. (I’ve tagged 15 so far in my collection.)

This month, there are clinical trial results for 2 of these vaccines. One is a recent report from a phase 2 trial (for the City of Hope/Geovax vaccine). The other is an older study, though it’s new to my collection (OSE Immunotherapeutics).

Geovax/City of Hope National Medical Center (USA):

This vaccine has been in my collection for a long time, but it’s the first time there’s been news on it since I began looking for news on “variant-proof” next generation vaccines. It’s a viral vector vaccine, based on modified Ankara virus. It was developed at the City of Hope as a next generation vaccine for immunocompromised people on cancer treatment, and is now being developed with a pharma biotech in the US, Geovax.

Results of phase 1 trial in 56 healthy people was published early last year. Several doses were tested in this safety trial, and the developers concluded it was immunogenic, with no safety concerns. These were early results of a phase 1/2 trial that’s continuing. This month, the developers announced that the phase 2 booster part of this trial is fully recruited.

There are also 2 phase 2 trials of the vaccine for people with blood cancer. One of those is a booster trial. The other compares the vaccine in people with blood cancer to healthy people and to healthy people receiving another approved Covid vaccine – and that’s the one for which some early results have now been published.

The 13 participants with blood cancer in this new publication were all on CAR-T cancer treatment after blood cell transplant, and they were the safety lead-in group for people with cancer in the trial. Their immune responses were similar or superior to those of healthy people receiving the vaccine and healthcare workers vaccinated with the BNT/Pfizer vaccine. And people were still showing signs of immunity after 6 months.

This month, the developers also released a conference poster of unpublished preclinical results for this vaccine. (Records in my collection for this vaccine are here.)

OSE Immunotherapeutics (France):

This is a protein subunit vaccine called CoVepiT, with a phase 1 trial that ran in Belgium. This preprint comes from 2020, but I had missed it. The developers report on results in mice, as well as signs of immune response in a group of participants from the phase 1 trial who had experienced a Covid-19 infection before joining the vaccine trial.

In 2022, the company announced that their plan was to select the vaccine components with the strongest results that could scale up in industrial production, to be ready to respond to a new pandemic variant of concern.

I’ve added another 4 preclinical studies to this category this month, including 3 studies from September and an earlier one for a vaccine I have just tagged “variant-proof”:

• CIGB (Cuba): A study in primates and non-primates (Sept 2023);
• Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (Brazil): A paper on an adjuvant being used in a vaccine that’s headed for a clinical trial (Sept 2023);
• Fudan and Tianjin Universities (China): A study in mice (Sept 2023);
• GreenLight Biosciences (USA): A study in hamsters (Jan 2023) – this mRNA vaccine is reportedly heading to clinical trial in Rwanda.

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Pancoronavirus vaccine news

This category doesn’t have vaccines as far along the development path as the others. A table below this post keeps track of those with publicly available preclinical results. As far as I know, there are still only 3 vaccines in this category in phase 1 trials, with a fourth planned to start in early 2024. This month, we got the first readout of phase 1 results for one of them (VBI Vaccines in Canada), and a further preclinical paper from another (DIOSynvax in the UK).

VBI Vaccines issued a press release including some data from their phase 1 trial for their virus-like particle (eVLP) vaccine, called VBI-2901. It’s a trivalent vaccine, including proteins from both SARS as well as MERS. There were 101 participants who had been previously fully vaccinated. People were in 3 groups, getting 2 low or high doses, or 1 high-dose. The company reported there were no major safety concerns, and there were signs of immune response to Covid variants as well as several other coronaviruses. There was a 25% reduction in responses at 5 months. (That’s less than that for other Covid vaccines.)

In an interview, a company spokesperson reported some more details, suggesting that for most people, the strength of the immune response to Covid may have been modest. It’s not yet clear if the company is moving to a phase 2 trial with the vaccine. (Records in my collection for this vaccine are here.)

I added 3 new preclinical reports for pancoronavirus vaccines:

• DIOSynvax, commercial spin-off from Cambridge University (UK): This paper includes results for signs of immune response in several non-primate species, to both types of SARS (including several Covid variants) and 2 other coronaviruses (sarbecoviruses). The vaccine was tested in various formulations. (A self-amplified mRNA version of this vaccine is the one in clinical trial.) (Collection on this vaccine here.)
• Guangdong Pharmaceutical University (China): The developers reported on results of this protein subunit vaccine in mice, testing for signs of immune response to both types of SARS and MERS.
• University of Washington (USA): This preprint tested immune responses in mice to both types of SARS after vaccination with antigen from a clade 3 bat coronavirus, concluding that it is a candidate for inclusion in next generation vaccines.

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Addendum 1: Table of mucosal vaccines in clinical trials

* Indicates new entry since my previous update post.

Note: Where there is a link to “All records” for a vaccine, that’s in my public Zotero collection for the vaccine, and it may include non-mucosal studies for that vaccine. Notes on that collection are here. For details on how I track Covid vaccine progress to maintain that collection, see my background post.

Vaccine, type, manufacturer	Mucosal version(s)	Phase 1 to 2 clinical trials	Phase 3+ trial(s)	Phase 3+ efficacy or immunogenicity results
ACM-001 Protein subunit ACM Biolabs (Singapore/Switzerland) (All records)	Intranasal.	Phase 1. * Results (press release only)
Ad5-nCoV (Convidecia Air) Viral vector (adenovirus) CanSino (China) (All records)	Inhaled through the mouth using a nebulizer.	Phase 1. Results. Phase 1/2. Results (plus second later preprint). Phase 2 (aged 6-17 years).	10,420 people in China (Phase 3). Results. 1,350 people (Phase 3). 540 people, in Malaysia (Phase 3). 904 people in China (Phase 4). Results. 360 people (Phase 4).	Comparison after 2-dose course of inactivated vax: Convidecia injection vs inhaled, protein subunit, or CoronaVac booster (Phase 4 results). Both injected & inhaled Convidecia had stronger impact on signs of immunity than the others; response after inhaled version was slower but longer-lasting than injected (which peaked then declined from day 14), better for Omicron though not as good for original virus. No measure of mucosal immunity used.
* Ad5-S Viral vector (adenovirus) State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease/Guangzhou Enbao Biomedical Technology Co (China) (All records)	Intranasal.	Infection prevention study.
Ad5-triCoV/Mac & ChAd-triCoV/Mac Viral vector (adenovirus) McMaster University/Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Canada)	Aerosol.	Phase 1.
AdCOVID Viral vector (adenovirus) AltImmune (USA) (All records)	Intranasal.	Phase 1. Results – press release only. Discontinued after phase 1.
AdS+N Viral vector (adenovirus) ImmunityBio (USA) (All records)	Intranasal, oral capsule, or sublingual.	Phase 1 (oral). Phase 1 (sublingual).
Avacc 10 Protein subunit Intravacc (Netherlands) (All records)	Intranasal.	Phase 1.
bacTRL-Spike-1 Live attenuated Symvivo (Canada) (All records)	Oral.	Phase 1.
BBV154 (iNCOVACC) Viral vector (adenovirus) Bharat Biotech (India) (All records) This vaccine is ChAd-SARS-CoV-2-S Washington University in St Louis (USA) (All records)	Intranasal.	Phase 1. Phase 2. Small amount of data from these trials in the drug product information. Phase 2/3. Phase 2.	In India, 2-dose course of BBV154 vs 2-dose course of injected Covaxin inactivated vaccine (Phase 3 – and here). Results (previously a preprint). See also the drug product information. 875 people in India, booster trial (Phase 3).	2,971 previously unvaxed people were assigned for the intranasal iNCOVACC, 161 for injected Covaxin. This trial did not aim to assess disease outcomes. It took place during the first Omicron wave. Signs of immune response were higher for iNCOVACC than Covaxin. Adverse events rate very low (5% local and 3% systemic) – lower than for comparison group.
* B/​HPIV3/​S-6P Viral vector (parainfluenza) NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (USA) (All records)	Intranasal.	Phase 1.
BV-AdCoV-1 Viral vector (adenovirus) Wuhan BravoVax (China) (All records)	Inhaled through the mouth using a nebulizer.	Phase 1.
ChAdOx1 Viral vector (adenovirus) Oxford University (UK) (This is the AstraZeneca vax) (All records)	Intranasal.	Phase 1. Phase 1. Results.
CoV2-OGEN1 Protein subunit US Specialty Formulations/VaxForm (USA) (All records)	Oral.	Phase 1. (Fully recruited, final dose in November 2022.)
COVI-VAC Live attenuated Codagenix (USA, with the Serum Institute of India) (All records)	Intranasal.	Phase 1. Press release stating successful (without data) and progressing to phase 2/3. Results (conference abstract) and in press release. Phase 1 (booster).	Phase 2/3, as part of the WHO Solidarity Trial for Vaccines in Mali. (Protocol.)
CVXGA1-001 Viral vector (parainfluenza) CyanVac/Blue Lake Tech (USA) (All records)	Intranasal.	Phase 1. Phase 2.
DNS1-RBD (Pneucolin) Viral vector (influenza) Beijing Wantai BioPharm (China) (All records)	Intranasal.	Phase 1. Phase 2. Joint results.	30,990 participants in Colombia, Philippines, South Africa, Vietnam. Results. 5,400 participants in Ghana (Phase 3).	Comparison of 2 doses of intranasal vaccine 14 days apart, with placebo control, during circulation of Omicron. Included >13,000 previously unvaccinated people. Efficacy shown 90 days after 2nd dose. There was some decline at 180 days. Efficacy against symptomatic Covid: No previous vax: 55.2% (CI 13.8 to 76.7) Inactivated: 38.2% (CI -49.2 to 74.4) Viral vector: 39.9% (CI -16.7 to 69.1) mRNA: 10.1% (CI -45.9 to 44.5) Efficacy against severe Covid: No previous vax: 66.7% (CI 8.3 to 87.9) Inactivated: 54.6% (CI -47.3 to 86.0) Viral vector: 50.0% (CI -6.8 to 76.6) mRNA: 19.5% (CI -39.2 to 53.4) Efficacy against hospitalization: 100% (CI -9.2 to 100) Adverse events were very low – similar to placebo. Less than 8% of people had a runny and/or blocked nose or sore throat.
GAM-COVID-VAC (rAd26-S – Sputnik Light) Viral vector (adenovirus) Gamaleya Research Institute (Russia)	Intranasal.	Phase 1/2	7,000 participants in Russia (Phase 3 or phase 2/3 – not clear).
Mambisa Protein subunit Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (CIGB) (Cuba) (All records)	Intranasal drops.	Phase 1/2. Phase 1/2. Results (report of a conference presentation). Phase 2.
MV-014-212 Viral vector (RSV) Meissa Vaccines (USA) (All records)	Intranasal drops or spray.	Phase 1. Results (press release).
MVA-SARS-2ST Viral vector (MVA) German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF)/IDT Biologika (All records)	Inhalation.	Phase 1.
NDV-HXP-S Viral vector (Newcastle Disease Virus) Castlevax/Icahn Mt Sinai (All records)	Intranasal.	Phase 1. Results (press release).
Patria (NDV-HXP-S/AVX-COVID-12-HEXAPRO) Viral vector (Newcastle Disease Virus) Laboratorio Avi-Mex (Mexico) (All records on Patria, see NDV-HXP-S above for early development.)	Intranasal.	Phase 1. Results. Phase 2. Results (press release).
PRAK-03202 Protein subunit Oravax (USA) [Oravax was established by OraMed (Israel) to develop this vaccine, using Premas Biotech’s PRAK-03202 and their oral vaccine technology] (All records on oral PRAK-03202, and on intramuscular version)	Oral.	Phase 1 (in South Africa). Results (press release only).
Razi Cov Pars Protein subunit Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute (Iran) (All records)	Intranasal (third dose after 2 injections).	Phase 1. Results. Phase 2. Phase 1 to 2 (in 12-17 year-olds). * Phase 4 (Booster). * Phase 1 to 2 (in 5-17 year-olds).	41,128 people in Iran, comparing the 3-dose course to 2-dose inactivated Sinopharm Beijing vax (Phase 3). (Press report of results, in the first 24,000 participants.)	There were no hospitalizations for Covid in the Razi Cov Pars group and 5 in the Sinopharm group. The rate of Covid was reportedly more than twice as high in the Sinopharm group.
SC-Ad6-1 Viral vector (adenovirus) Moat Bio/Tetherex (USA) (All records)	Intranasal and inhaled.	Phase 1. Trial expanded to add an inhaled version (from 130 to 190 people). Results so far briefly mentioned in press release.
(Unnamed) Inactivated bacteria DreamTec (Hong Kong) (All records)	Oral.	Phase 1. Phase 1. Phase 1. Note: An article of preclinical results has been retracted over lack of ethics committee approval.
VXA-CoV2-1/VXA-CoV2-1.1-S Viral vector (adenovirus) Vaxart (USA) (All records)	Tablets.	Phase 1. Results. Phase 2. (Recruiting: started October 1, 2021.) Results (press release).	Omicron adaptation was developed for an Omicron challenge trial, originally planned for second half of 2023. This vax is now on hold, as Vaxart is trying to develop an oral pan-betacoronavirus vaccine.

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Addendum 2: Pancoronavirus vaccines with preclinical results

* Indicates new entry since previous update post.

Developer Country Vaccine name	Type of: Vaccine Coronavirus	Preclinical results	Clinical trial status
California Institute of Technology (Caltech) USA Mosaic-8b	Protein subunit Beta	Non-primate Non-primate Non-primate Primate, non-primate
Codiak USA exoVACC Pan Beta Coronavirus	Protein subunit Beta	Article on development Non-primate (conference slides) Non-primate (conference slides)	(This company began proceedings in bankruptcy court. See news.)
DIOSynvax UK DIOS-CoVax/ pEVAC-PS	mRNA Sarbeco	Non-primate * Non-primate	Phase 1 trial (incl. protocol) (Up to 36 participants) Began December 2021. Fully recruited. Expanded to another city – no trial register entry found.
Duke University USA RBD–scNP	Protein subunit Beta	Primate Primate, non-primate Non-primate
Francis Crick Institute UK (Unnamed)	Protein subunit with DNA boost All	Non-primate
Fudan University China HR1LS	Protein subunit Sarbeco	Primate, non-primate Primate Primate Non-primate
* Guangdong Pharmaceutical University China (Unnamed)	Protein subunit All	Non-primate
INSERM Vaccine Research Institute/LinKinVax France PanCov (CD40.CoV2)	Protein subunit Sarbeco	Non-primate Primate, non-primate Primate Non-primate (conference poster)
Oragenics/Inspirevax/ National Research Council of Canada USA, Canada NT-CoV2-1	Protein subunit (Intranasal) All	Non-primate (original vax) Non-primate (original vax)
Osivax France OVX033	Protein subunit Sarbeco	Non-primate
Pennsylvania State University USA (Unnamed)	Protein subunit All	Non-primate
Scripps Research Institute USA (Unnamed)	Protein subunit Beta	Non-primate
SK Bioscience/ Uni of Washington/Uni of North Carolina at Chapel Hill South Korea, USA GBP511	Protein subunit Sarbeco	Primate, non-primate (testing Covid vaccine GBP510 against other sarbecoviruses)	(More on plans for adapting this vaccine – GBP510 authorized as SKYCovione.)
Stanford University USA DCFHP-alum	Protein subunit Sarbeco	Primate Non-primate
Sun Yat-Sen University China Unnamed)	Protein subunit Sarbeco	Non-primate
University of California Irvine USA (Unnamed)	Viral vector Beta	Non-primate Non-primate (mucosal) (There was also a paper about this vaccine’s development in 2021.)
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill USA (Unnamed)	Viral vector Sarbeco	Non-primate
University of Toronto Canada (Unnamed)	Protein subunit Sarbeco	Non-primate
* University of Washington USA PRD-0038 S	Sarbeco	Non-primate
University of Wisconsin-Madison (PanCorVac) USA (Unnamed)	Protein subunit All	Non-primate Non-primate Non-primate
VBI Vaccines Canada VBI-2901	eVLP All	Non-primate Non-primate (Press release)	Phase 1 trial (103 participants) Began October 2022. Fully recruited. (Further background info.) * Results (press release only). (101 participants) Previously vaccinated people boosted with 2 low or high doses, or 1 high-dose. Limited data reported. Some signs of immune response to a range of coronaviruses, mostly lasting at least 5 months. No major safety concerns.
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) USA SpFN 1B-06-PL	Protein subunit Beta	Non-primate Non-primate Non-primate (incl RFN) Non-primate Primate Primate Primate (with J&J vax)	Phase 1 trial (29 participants) Began April 2021. Results described as “positive” – no data reported yet. Additional detail on phase 1 trial.
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) USA RFN	Protein subunit Beta	Non-primate (incl SpFN) Primate
Yale University USA (Unnamed)	mRNA All	Non-primate Non-primate
Yale University/Xanadu Bio USA (Unnamed)	Protein subunit, intranasal booster Sarbeco	Non-primate

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Addendum 3: Definitions of vaccine types

• Mucosal vaccines: These enter the body the way the virus does – through mucosal tissues. It’s hoped that provides defence against infection. They can be administered via different routes – squirts or drops in the nose, inhaled through the mouth through a nebulizer (similar to an asthma medication), or in tablet, capsule, or sublingual form.
• Pan-SARS-CoV-2 or “variant-proof” vaccines: These aim to provide protection against any variant of the coronavirus that causes Covid-19 – including future variants.
• Pancoronavirus can be targeted to:
  • the “subgroup” the 2 SARS viruses came from (the sarbecovirus subgenus),
  • coronaviruses from the next level up (the genus, betacoronavirus, which includes lethal diseases like MERS, as well as common cold viruses), or
  • the whole coronavirus family – it has 4 genuses, including betacoronavirus and alphacoronavirus (with more common cold viruses).

I classify a vaccine as a pancoronavirus one when the developers are explicitly targeting coronaviruses more broadly than SARS-CoV-2, and have tested for signs of response to non-SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus(es) (or clearly plan to).

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You can keep up with my work at my newsletter, Living With Evidence. And I’m active on Mastodon: @hildabast@mastodon.online 

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For details on how I track Covid vaccine progress, see my background post. Notes on my collection of studies are here. The collection is in a public Zotero library you can dig into here.

Previous update posts on next generation Covid vaccines:

1. Mucosal vaccines (March 2022)
2. Pan-SARS-Cov-2 and pancoronavirus (July 2022)
3. Mucosal vaccines (July 2022)
4. Mucosal vaccines (September 2022)
5. Mucosal vaccines (April 2023)
6. Pancoronavirus vaccines (April 2023)

All my Absolutely Maybe Covid-19 vaccine posts

All previous Covid-19 posts at Absolutely Maybe

My posts at The Atlantic, at WIRED, and debunking posts at my personal website.

Disclosures: My interest in Covid-19 vaccine trials is as a person worried about the virus, as my son is immunocompromised: I have no financial or professional interest in the vaccines. I have worked for an institute of the NIH in the past, but not the one working on vaccines (NIAID). More about me.

The cartoons are my own (CC BY-NC-ND license). (More cartoons at Statistically Funny.)